Introduction
Cancer can manifest in various forms and locations within the human body, including the oral cavity. Oral cancer encompasses cancers of the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palates, sinuses, and throat. Early detection is vital for successful treatment, and recognizing the symptoms of oral cancer is crucial for patients and healthcare providers alike. At Asvins Specialty Hospital in Hyderabad, our dedicated team of oncologists and dental specialists are committed to educating the community about oral cancer symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic procedures, and available treatment options.
Understanding Oral Cancer
Oral cancer is part of a group of cancers known as head and neck cancers. It often begins in the squamous cells that line the oral cavity. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that oral cavity cancers are prevalent in many countries, especially among individuals who smoke or consume alcohol. Factors such as HPV (human papillomavirus) infection, poor oral hygiene, and prolonged exposure to sunlight could also increase the risk of oral cancer.
Common Types of Oral Cancer
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC):
The most common type of oral cancer, accounting for about 90% of cases. It originates in the flat cells lining the oral cavity.
- Salivary Gland Cancer:
Develops in the salivary glands located in the mouth and throat and is less common.
- Lymphomas:
Cancers of the lymphatic system can also affect oral structures, particularly tonsils and the base of the tongue.
Symptoms of Oral Cancer
Recognizing the symptoms of oral cancer can lead to timely diagnosis and improved treatment outcomes. While not all symptoms indicate cancer, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional if any of the following symptoms persist for more than two weeks:
- Unexplained Oral Sores
Persistent sores in the mouth that do not heal can be one of the first signs of oral cancer. These sores can occur on the lips, tongue, gums, or inside the cheeks. If you notice a sore that bleeds easily, has irregular borders, or remains for an extended period, seek medical advice promptly.
- Lumps or Thickening in the Oral Tissues
A noticeable lump or thickened area in the cheek, gum, or underlying tissues is a potential sign of oral cancer. These lumps may be painful or tender, but they can also be painless. Regular dental check-ups can help identify these changes early.
- Difficulty Swallowing
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can be a symptom of a tumor affecting the oral cavity or throat. This sensation may be accompanied by pain or discomfort when swallowing food or liquids, leading to changes in eating habits.
- Changes in Voice
Hoarseness or other changes in your voice that continue for an extended period could signal problems in the vocal cords or throat, which may be associated with oral or throat cancer. If your voice becomes muffled or strained, a medical evaluation is advised.
- White or Red Patches in the Oral Cavity
The presence of leukoplakia (white patches) or erythroplakia (red patches) in the mouth can be precancerous lesions. These patches may be sore or tender, but often present without discomfort. Any unusual patch should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
- Persistent Bad Breath
Halitosis or persistent bad breath not relieved by oral hygiene may indicate an underlying condition, including oral cancer. Tumors can cause changes in the mouth’s environment, leading to foul odors, even with regular brushing and dental care.
- Numbness or Pain in the Mouth
Unexplained numbness or pain in the mouth that radiates to other areas of the face, neck, or ear can signify oral cancer. Pain may appear as a persistent and non-localized issue, often complicating the identification of the cause.
- Loose Teeth or Tooth Pain
Loosening teeth, particularly in the absence of gum disease, may indicate bone involvement from a tumor. Persistent tooth pain without an apparent dental issue requires immediate consultation with a dentist or oral surgeon.
- Changes in the Alignment of Teeth
Unexplained shifting or changes in the alignment of your teeth can indicate the presence of bone metastasis or other abnormalities related to oral cancer. This symptom may be subtle and easily overlooked.
- Swelling in the Jaw or Mouth
Swelling or pain that affects the jaw or oral cavity may suggest the presence of tumors or inflammatory processes due to cancer. This can sometimes present as a noticeable increase in size or fullness.
